![]() ![]() The many meanings in the notion of "back" give re- its broad sense-range: "a turning back opposition restoration to a former state "transition to an opposite state." From the extended senses in "again," re- becomes "repetition of an action," and in this sense it is extremely common as a formative element in English, applicable to any verb. In some English words from French and Italian re- appears as ra- and the following consonant is often doubled (see rally (v.1)). In earliest Latin the prefix became red- before vowels and h-, a form preserved in redact, redeem, redolent, redundant, redintegrate, and, in disguise, render (v.). Watkins (2000) describes this as a "Latin combining form conceivably from Indo-European *wret-, metathetical variant of *wert- "to turn." De Vaan says the "only acceptable etymology" for it is a 2004 explanation which reconstructs a root in PIE *ure "back." 1200, from Old French re- and directly from Latin re- an inseparable prefix meaning "again back anew, against." Word-forming element meaning "back, back from, back to the original place " also "again, anew, once more," also conveying the notion of "undoing" or "backward," etc. 1300 the sense of "recognition of and allegiance in manner of life (perceived as justly due) to a higher, unseen power or powers" is from 1530s. In English, the meaning "particular system of faith in the worship of a divine being or beings" is by c. Another possible origin is religiens "careful," opposite of negligens. However, popular etymology among the later ancients (Servius, Lactantius, Augustine) and the interpretation of many modern writers connects it with religare "to bind fast" (see rely), via the notion of "place an obligation on," or "bond between humans and gods." In that case, the re- would be intensive. This noun of action was derived by Cicero from relegere "go through again" (in reading or in thought), from re- "again" (see re-) + legere "read" (see lecture (n.)). 1200, religioun, "state of life bound by monastic vows," also "action or conduct indicating a belief in a divine power and reverence for and desire to please it," from Anglo-French religiun (11c.), Old French religion, relegion "piety, devotion religious community," and directly from Latin religionem (nominative religio) "respect for what is sacred, reverence for the gods conscientiousness, sense of right, moral obligation fear of the gods divine service, religious observance a religion, a faith, a mode of worship, cult sanctity, holiness," in Late Latin "monastic life" (5c.). ![]()
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